Digital competence in european primary education: strategic directions, national implementation, and curriculum model comparison

Abstract

This article explores the development of digital competence in European and Romanian primary education, drawing on the DigComp 2.2 framework and the European Commission’s Digital Education Action Plan 2021–2027. It emphasizes early digital literacy, online collaboration, and cybersecurity as key priorities. In Romania, the SMART.Edu strategy (2021–2027) outlines measures for equitable access to technology, teacher training, and integration of age-appropriate digital content. A comparative analysis of Estonia and Finland, recognized for their best practices, with Romania reveals differences in curricular integration, infrastructure, and implementation. The study concludes that a systemic, equitable, and context-sensitive approach is essential to prepare pupils as active, responsible citizens in the digital age.